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refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode#1686

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refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode#1686
TooTallNate wants to merge 2 commits intomainfrom
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@TooTallNate TooTallNate commented Apr 10, 2026 •
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Summary

  • Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
  • The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
  • All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

  1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
  2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
  3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

  • DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
  • Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
  • IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package Change
@workflow/swc-plugin Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm Removed client output from batch transform

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🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 923 0 67 990
❌ 💻 Local Development 896 2 182 1080
❌ 📦 Local Production 897 1 182 1080
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres 897 1 182 1080
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 133 74 24 231
✅ 📋 Other 228 0 42 270
Total 3974 78 679 4731

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KP6QVH3MRYZKBGRBD1Q229B7

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KP6QVH3MRYZKBGRBD1Q229B7
📦 Local Production (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
🐘 Local Postgres (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KP6QH4A1A0SZ1QXR5BDQRVD5
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QHDPNN7PBMC8AHMH0NAZ1
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QMY949TC5BZ392QZ1F6PP
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KP6QS6RNX0MBCEXNRW5E6BBD
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
  • resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KP6R045KB76EZNHA5R63PK1C

redis (7 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KP6QH4A1A0SZ1QXR5BDQRVD5
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QHDPNN7PBMC8AHMH0NAZ1
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QMY949TC5BZ392QZ1F6PP
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KP6QS6RNX0MBCEXNRW5E6BBD
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
  • resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KP6R045KB76EZNHA5R63PK1C

turso (60 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QFWWRPV14VQCDF6G45Q96
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QFWWRPV14VQCDF6G45Q96
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KP6QHZ5BS3G6SV87DTAE9TR6
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QG4QNYKRQWQ51FBD8MM0J
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QG95FW0SQMTH83PR0SBEZ
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QGB8GC2H5VYX3HFS5G7BW
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QJAF0JMS6HTJGHNGY07BW
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QGQ26VB2HJQ78EKYDB5J1
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KP6QH4A1A0SZ1QXR5BDQRVD5
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QHDPNN7PBMC8AHMH0NAZ1
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QHM6N2E9FZEMAHF42GBV0
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QJ1AJSF4V8FWVAJATV2A2
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QJ5NNHD1KW72N0683EKFQ
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QJ7QV1JR0E6SSF5BM54BR
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QMY949TC5BZ392QZ1F6PP
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KP6QN21MV6K1HRYPFD5NSMC9
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KP6QRGV3M05YQD7WJKY12R9Q
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KP6QS6RNX0MBCEXNRW5E6BBD
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KP6QSYDFEM9CRT9GRWXWWKAT
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KP6QTNF8T03EFGB9T8PX45S5
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KP6QTYAWPJSBF48G08FZJN0B
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KP6QV3YYSJ3GWY3FN3QJY8W4
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KP6QV61SV8KD9MTZF4AGBSMQ
  • runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KP6QVH3MRYZKBGRBD1Q229B7
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KP6QW0PG9D6YG9XX87XRXAYM
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KP6QW69YPZQX8XD0K46V9844
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KP6QWD64DH1XX0B8SNEFJCPF
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KP6QWKV24ZKECPP160XA4AWV
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KP6QWW2A6PZT644AGDPSSHC1
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KP6QX414JAVP4YNXNN35VMN8
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KP6QXAMZ449XHRCCZVMEV1J3
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KP6QXNY2BHCN4TCG8RMR4HKV
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KP6QXXSCR4XX45SX7S17J8A4
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KP6QY4C9DR5F1RBK6Q7CRQAJ
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KP6QYDGBWSB2HERARZ5C2VJR
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KP6QYSHYKYY9BT3KZB8JE28S
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KP6QZEDBPZDRY75G7MHNFM3Z
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KP6QZRPR9ZNQ3YXR64XCJV9H
  • importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KP6QZZCYG6VNM7GDQZXWK798
  • metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KP6R01QXDT818KZ9PTZ99W37
  • resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KP6R045KB76EZNHA5R63PK1C
  • getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KP6R07BWMF41SMYJ9P4G54FX

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 83 0 7
✅ example 83 0 7
✅ express 83 0 7
✅ fastify 83 0 7
✅ hono 83 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 88 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 88 0 2
✅ nitro 83 0 7
✅ nuxt 83 0 7
✅ sveltekit 83 0 7
✅ vite 83 0 7
❌ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 76 0 14
✅ express-stable 76 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 76 0 14
✅ hono-stable 76 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 82 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 82 0 8
❌ nitro-stable 75 1 14
❌ nuxt-stable 75 1 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 76 0 14
✅ vite-stable 76 0 14
❌ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 76 0 14
✅ express-stable 76 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 76 0 14
✅ hono-stable 76 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 63 0 27
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable 81 1 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 82 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 76 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 76 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 76 0 14
✅ vite-stable 76 0 14
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 76 0 14
✅ express-stable 76 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 76 0 14
✅ hono-stable 76 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 63 0 27
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable 81 1 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 82 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 76 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 76 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 76 0 14
✅ vite-stable 76 0 14
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 6 0 0
❌ mongodb 56 7 8
✅ redis-dev 6 0 0
❌ redis 56 7 8
✅ turso-dev 6 0 0
❌ turso 3 60 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 76 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 76 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 76 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: success
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: cancelled

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.041s (-4.2%) 1.005s (~) 0.964s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.058s 1.012s 0.954s 10 1.43x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.062s (-11.4% 🟢) 1.010s (-0.8%) 0.948s 10 1.53x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 0.205s (-59.8% 🟢) 2.116s (-16.1% 🟢) 1.911s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 0.269s (+1.6%) 2.805s (+24.6% 🔺) 2.536s 10 1.32x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 0.269s (-7.5% 🟢) 2.281s (-15.6% 🟢) 2.011s 10 1.32x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.139s 2.009s 0.871s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.140s (+1.7%) 2.005s (~) 0.865s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.143s (-0.7%) 2.009s (~) 0.866s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.918s (-9.1% 🟢) 3.625s (+2.6%) 1.706s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.938s (~) 3.400s (-1.9%) 1.462s 10 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.955s (-2.0%) 3.747s (+10.2% 🔺) 1.792s 10 1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 10.845s (~) 11.022s (~) 0.176s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 10.910s 11.021s 0.111s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Express 10.910s (~) 11.024s (~) 0.113s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 17.085s (-0.6%) 18.821s (-0.9%) 1.735s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 17.312s (-5.2% 🟢) 19.352s (-6.3% 🟢) 2.040s 2 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 17.416s (-2.3%) 19.101s (-2.7%) 1.685s 2 1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 14.551s 15.030s 0.479s 4 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.559s (~) 15.021s (~) 0.462s 4 1.00x
💻 Local Express 15.016s (~) 15.280s (-1.6%) 0.264s 4 1.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 33.145s (+1.2%) 34.812s (+0.8%) 1.667s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 33.358s (+2.3%) 35.135s (+2.0%) 1.778s 2 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 34.278s (-5.5% 🟢) 35.795s (-8.3% 🟢) 1.517s 2 1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 13.883s (-0.5%) 14.017s (-1.0%) 0.135s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 13.953s 14.163s 0.210s 7 1.01x
💻 Local Express 16.791s (+1.4%) 17.032s (~) 0.241s 6 1.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 54.397s (-12.2% 🟢) 57.443s (-9.9% 🟢) 3.046s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 58.340s (+9.6% 🔺) 60.730s (+10.4% 🔺) 2.390s 2 1.07x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 58.514s (+5.7% 🔺) 60.008s (+4.9%) 1.494s 2 1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.243s 2.010s 0.766s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.269s (-0.6%) 2.008s (~) 0.739s 15 1.02x
💻 Local Express 1.526s (+0.9%) 2.006s (~) 0.480s 15 1.23x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.270s (+2.3%) 3.828s (+1.6%) 1.558s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.357s (-7.7% 🟢) 3.969s (+3.0%) 1.612s 8 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.481s (-12.9% 🟢) 4.369s (-8.0% 🟢) 1.888s 7 1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 2.373s (+2.2%) 3.009s (~) 0.636s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.395s 3.010s 0.615s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Express 3.052s (+5.6% 🔺) 3.676s (+18.3% 🔺) 0.623s 9 1.29x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.257s (-11.0% 🟢) 3.992s (+3.3%) 1.735s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.682s (+11.1% 🔺) 4.285s (+16.8% 🔺) 1.602s 8 1.19x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.064s (+20.0% 🔺) 4.771s (+16.0% 🔺) 1.707s 7 1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.486s (~) 4.010s (~) 0.523s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.649s 4.009s 0.359s 8 1.05x
💻 Local Express 8.517s (+7.4% 🔺) 9.024s (+5.9% 🔺) 0.507s 4 2.44x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 4.874s (+90.5% 🔺) 6.943s (+62.3% 🔺) 2.069s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 5.603s (+49.0% 🔺) 7.710s (+47.4% 🔺) 2.107s 4 1.15x
▲ Vercel Express 6.075s (+64.2% 🔺) 7.613s (+41.8% 🔺) 1.539s 4 1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.214s 2.009s 0.795s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.271s (+1.4%) 2.008s (~) 0.736s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Express 1.582s (-17.2% 🟢) 2.073s (-13.3% 🟢) 0.491s 15 1.30x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.080s (-7.0% 🟢) 3.501s (-1.8%) 1.421s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.150s (-6.0% 🟢) 3.762s (-4.7%) 1.613s 8 1.03x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.314s (+10.7% 🔺) 4.055s (+10.1% 🔺) 1.741s 8 1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 2.372s (+0.8%) 3.010s (~) 0.638s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.404s 3.009s 0.605s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Express 3.042s (-3.5%) 3.884s (-3.2%) 0.842s 8 1.28x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.413s (-10.9% 🟢) 4.177s (+8.5% 🔺) 1.765s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.560s (-29.9% 🟢) 4.376s (-18.3% 🟢) 1.816s 7 1.06x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.997s (+35.8% 🔺) 4.660s (+32.3% 🔺) 1.664s 7 1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.475s (~) 4.009s (~) 0.534s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.644s 4.010s 0.366s 8 1.05x
💻 Local Express 8.989s (+1.2%) 9.272s (~) 0.283s 4 2.59x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.885s (-6.6% 🟢) 4.747s (+0.9%) 1.862s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.972s (+10.2% 🔺) 4.443s (+4.3%) 1.471s 7 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.667s (-5.7% 🟢) 5.322s (+3.7%) 1.656s 6 1.27x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.777s 1.006s 0.229s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.829s (-1.8%) 1.023s (-1.7%) 0.194s 59 1.07x
💻 Local Express 1.003s (+1.4%) 1.205s (+6.0% 🔺) 0.202s 50 1.29x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 9.557s (-3.2%) 11.526s (+4.4%) 1.969s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 9.685s (-6.8% 🟢) 11.807s (~) 2.122s 6 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 10.709s (+2.0%) 12.259s (~) 1.550s 5 1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.890s 2.075s 0.184s 44 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.916s (-2.6%) 2.075s (-9.1% 🟢) 0.159s 44 1.01x
💻 Local Express 3.064s (+1.0%) 3.966s (+13.0% 🔺) 0.902s 23 1.62x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 28.946s (-4.1%) 30.600s (-3.1%) 1.654s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 29.239s (~) 31.105s (+2.0%) 1.866s 3 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 30.079s (-9.9% 🟢) 31.637s (-8.2% 🟢) 1.558s 3 1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.806s 4.010s 0.203s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.848s (-3.9%) 4.043s (-11.4% 🟢) 0.195s 30 1.01x
💻 Local Express 9.191s (~) 9.941s (-0.8%) 0.750s 13 2.41x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 75.427s (-2.7%) 77.476s (-2.2%) 2.049s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 79.291s (-1.0%) 81.763s (~) 2.472s 2 1.05x
▲ Vercel Express 80.478s (+6.4% 🔺) 82.186s (+6.5% 🔺) 1.708s 2 1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.249s 1.007s 0.758s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.279s (-3.5%) 1.007s (~) 0.727s 60 1.12x
💻 Local Express 0.596s (+2.4%) 1.005s (~) 0.409s 60 2.39x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.586s (+15.8% 🔺) 3.301s (+17.0% 🔺) 1.714s 19 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.956s (+21.9% 🔺) 3.530s (+17.3% 🔺) 1.574s 18 1.23x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.250s (+35.0% 🔺) 4.009s (+25.1% 🔺) 1.759s 15 1.42x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.494s (+0.6%) 1.006s (~) 0.513s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.494s 1.018s 0.524s 89 1.00x
💻 Local Express 2.528s (-3.0%) 3.009s (~) 0.481s 30 5.12x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.836s (+4.8%) 4.503s (+5.1% 🔺) 1.667s 20 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.051s (-3.5%) 4.878s (+6.5% 🔺) 1.827s 19 1.08x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.224s (-17.7% 🟢) 4.786s (-10.4% 🟢) 1.562s 19 1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.784s 1.016s 0.232s 119 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.793s (~) 1.016s (~) 0.223s 119 1.01x
💻 Local Express 11.333s (~) 12.029s (+1.5%) 0.696s 10 14.46x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 6.403s (-18.3% 🟢) 8.048s (-14.4% 🟢) 1.644s 15 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 6.493s (-19.4% 🟢) 8.521s (-11.8% 🟢) 2.027s 15 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 7.357s (-0.6%) 9.437s (+6.6% 🔺) 2.080s 13 1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.202s 1.001s 0.001s 1.010s 0.808s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.204s (-0.9%) 0.998s (~) 0.001s (-6.7% 🟢) 1.012s (~) 0.807s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Express 0.209s (+3.7%) 1.005s (~) 0.012s (+4.3%) 1.019s (~) 0.809s 10 1.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.533s (+5.2% 🔺) 2.632s (-14.5% 🟢) 1.164s (+22.9% 🔺) 4.254s (-2.3%) 2.721s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.552s (-1.4%) 2.940s (+1.2%) 0.890s (-9.0% 🟢) 4.289s (~) 2.737s 10 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.825s (+2.9%) 3.077s (~) 1.141s (+10.4% 🔺) 4.634s (+4.1%) 2.809s 10 1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.612s (-1.1%) 1.005s (~) 0.004s (+0.9%) 1.021s (~) 0.409s 59 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.619s 1.009s 0.005s 1.028s 0.409s 59 1.01x
💻 Local Express 0.959s (+28.2% 🔺) 1.033s (+2.0%) 0.010s (+2.2%) 1.254s (+22.4% 🔺) 0.294s 48 1.57x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 4.444s (+5.2% 🔺) 6.399s (+20.8% 🔺) 0.221s (-8.4% 🟢) 7.050s (+19.3% 🔺) 2.606s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.708s (+19.6% 🔺) 6.422s (+23.5% 🔺) 0.284s (-10.8% 🟢) 7.127s (+19.7% 🔺) 2.419s 9 1.06x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 6.992s (+33.8% 🔺) 8.086s (+27.9% 🔺) 0.601s (+147.8% 🔺) 9.105s (+31.0% 🔺) 2.113s 7 1.57x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.932s 1.177s 0.000s 1.187s 0.255s 51 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.949s (-1.2%) 1.123s (-11.2% 🟢) 0.000s (-54.7% 🟢) 1.147s (-10.6% 🟢) 0.197s 53 1.02x
💻 Local Express 1.251s (-2.0%) 2.021s (~) 0.000s (-37.5% 🟢) 2.023s (~) 0.772s 30 1.34x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.974s (+6.5% 🔺) 4.476s (+10.7% 🔺) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 4.921s (+11.5% 🔺) 1.948s 13 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.057s (+11.1% 🔺) 4.727s (+22.0% 🔺) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 5.214s (+23.4% 🔺) 2.157s 12 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.467s (~) 4.836s (+2.6%) 0.000s (-50.0% 🟢) 5.261s (+3.6%) 1.793s 12 1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.709s (~) 2.099s (+1.5%) 0.000s (-50.0% 🟢) 2.112s (+1.6%) 0.403s 29 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.836s 2.106s 0.000s 2.113s 0.278s 29 1.07x
💻 Local Express 3.484s (-4.2%) 4.100s (~) 0.001s (+450.0% 🔺) 4.103s (~) 0.618s 15 2.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
💻 Local Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.983s (-14.4% 🟢) 5.226s (-9.0% 🟢) 0.000s (NaN%) 5.626s (-9.3% 🟢) 1.643s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.020s (-15.3% 🟢) 5.419s (-9.4% 🟢) 0.000s (-9.1% 🟢) 5.829s (-7.6% 🟢) 1.809s 11 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 4.057s (-13.9% 🟢) 5.370s (-9.0% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 5.816s (-7.4% 🟢) 1.759s 11 1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Express 21/21
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 12/21
▲ Vercel Express 9/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 18/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🐘 Postgres 21/21
Nitro ▲ Vercel 21/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

  • Local: cancelled
  • Postgres: failure
  • Vercel: success

Check the workflow run for details.

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changeset-bot bot commented Apr 10, 2026 •
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a8cd2f8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages
Name Type
@workflow/swc-plugin Major
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch
@workflow/ai Patch
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch
@workflow/web Patch

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@TooTallNate TooTallNate force-pushed the nr/remove-client-mode branch from aac9033 to cf9fe73 Compare April 10, 2026 17:20
@TooTallNate
refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode
9addde9 
Remove the `client` transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin. The
`client` and `step` modes were nearly identical — both preserved step
function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted
the same JSON manifest. Step mode now absorbs all client-mode behaviors:

- Dead code elimination (previously only workflow + client)
- Hoisted variable references for object property steps
- All integrations use mode: 'step' instead of 'client'

BREAKING CHANGE: The `client` value for the SWC plugin `mode` option is
no longer accepted. Use `step` instead.
@TooTallNate TooTallNate force-pushed the nr/remove-client-mode branch from cf9fe73 to 9addde9 Compare April 10, 2026 19:55
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